<para>
         The <structfield>iface</structfield> field specifies the type of
-      the control,
-      <constant>SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_XXX</constant>. There are
-      <constant>MIXER</constant>, <constant>PCM</constant>,
-      <constant>CARD</constant>, etc.
+      the control, <constant>SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_XXX</constant>, which
+      is usually <constant>MIXER</constant>.
+      Use <constant>CARD</constant> for global controls that are not
+      logically part of the mixer.
+      If the control is closely associated with some specific device on
+      the sound card, use <constant>HWDEP</constant>,
+      <constant>PCM</constant>, <constant>RAWMIDI</constant>,
+      <constant>TIMER</constant>, or <constant>SEQUENCER</constant>, and
+      specify the device number with the
+      <structfield>device</structfield> and
+      <structfield>subdevice</structfield> fields.
       </para>
 
       <para>
 
 int snd_cs46xx_pcm_rear(cs46xx_t *chip, int device, snd_pcm_t **rpcm);
 int snd_cs46xx_pcm_iec958(cs46xx_t *chip, int device, snd_pcm_t **rpcm);
 int snd_cs46xx_pcm_center_lfe(cs46xx_t *chip, int device, snd_pcm_t **rpcm);
-int snd_cs46xx_mixer(cs46xx_t *chip);
+int snd_cs46xx_mixer(cs46xx_t *chip, int spdif_device);
 int snd_cs46xx_midi(cs46xx_t *chip, int device, snd_rawmidi_t **rmidi);
 int snd_cs46xx_start_dsp(cs46xx_t *chip);
 int snd_cs46xx_gameport(cs46xx_t *chip);
 
 int snd_p16v_mixer(emu10k1_t * emu);
 int snd_emu10k1_pcm_multi(emu10k1_t * emu, int device, snd_pcm_t ** rpcm);
 int snd_emu10k1_fx8010_pcm(emu10k1_t * emu, int device, snd_pcm_t ** rpcm);
-int snd_emu10k1_mixer(emu10k1_t * emu);
+int snd_emu10k1_mixer(emu10k1_t * emu, int pcm_device, int multi_device);
 int snd_emu10k1_timer(emu10k1_t * emu, int device);
 int snd_emu10k1_fx8010_new(emu10k1_t *emu, int device, snd_hwdep_t ** rhwdep);
 
 
                        .put = snd_ad1848_put_double,
                },
                [AD1848_MIX_CAPTURE] = {
+                       .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
                        .info = snd_ad1848_info_mux,
                        .get = snd_ad1848_get_mux,
                        .put = snd_ad1848_put_mux,
 
 }
 
 static snd_kcontrol_new_t snd_sb16_dma_control = {
-       .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM,
+       .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_CARD,
        .name = "16-bit DMA Allocation",
        .info = snd_sb16_dma_control_info,
        .get = snd_sb16_dma_control_get,
 
 static snd_kcontrol_new_t snd_cmipci_spdif_mask __devinitdata =
 {
        .access =       SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ,
-       .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
+       .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM,
        .name =         SNDRV_CTL_NAME_IEC958("",PLAYBACK,CON_MASK),
        .info =         snd_cmipci_spdif_mask_info,
        .get =          snd_cmipci_spdif_mask_get,
 
                return err;
        }
 #endif
-       if ((err = snd_cs46xx_mixer(chip)) < 0) {
+       if ((err = snd_cs46xx_mixer(chip, 2)) < 0) {
                snd_card_free(card);
                return err;
        }
 
        return -ENXIO;
 }
 
-int __devinit snd_cs46xx_mixer(cs46xx_t *chip)
+int __devinit snd_cs46xx_mixer(cs46xx_t *chip, int spdif_device)
 {
        snd_card_t *card = chip->card;
        snd_ctl_elem_id_t id;
        for (idx = 0; idx < ARRAY_SIZE(snd_cs46xx_controls); idx++) {
                snd_kcontrol_t *kctl;
                kctl = snd_ctl_new1(&snd_cs46xx_controls[idx], chip);
+               if (kctl && kctl->id.iface == SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM)
+                       kctl->id.device = spdif_device;
                if ((err = snd_ctl_add(card, kctl)) < 0)
                        return err;
        }
 
                }
        }
 
-       if ((err = snd_emu10k1_mixer(emu)) < 0) {
+       if ((err = snd_emu10k1_mixer(emu, 0, 3)) < 0) {
                snd_card_free(card);
                return err;
        }
 
 static snd_kcontrol_new_t snd_emu10k1_send_routing_control =
 {
        .access =       SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READWRITE | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_INACTIVE,
-       .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
+       .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM,
        .name =         "EMU10K1 PCM Send Routing",
        .count =        32,
        .info =         snd_emu10k1_send_routing_info,
 static snd_kcontrol_new_t snd_emu10k1_send_volume_control =
 {
        .access =       SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READWRITE | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_INACTIVE,
-       .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
+       .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM,
        .name =         "EMU10K1 PCM Send Volume",
        .count =        32,
        .info =         snd_emu10k1_send_volume_info,
 static snd_kcontrol_new_t snd_emu10k1_attn_control =
 {
        .access =       SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READWRITE | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_INACTIVE,
-       .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
+       .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM,
        .name =         "EMU10K1 PCM Volume",
        .count =        32,
        .info =         snd_emu10k1_attn_info,
        return -ENOENT;
 }
 
-int __devinit snd_emu10k1_mixer(emu10k1_t *emu)
+int __devinit snd_emu10k1_mixer(emu10k1_t *emu,
+                               int pcm_device, int multi_device)
 {
        int err, pcm;
        snd_kcontrol_t *kctl;
 
        if ((kctl = emu->ctl_send_routing = snd_ctl_new1(&snd_emu10k1_send_routing_control, emu)) == NULL)
                return -ENOMEM;
+       kctl->id.device = pcm_device;
        if ((err = snd_ctl_add(card, kctl)))
                return err;
        if ((kctl = emu->ctl_send_volume = snd_ctl_new1(&snd_emu10k1_send_volume_control, emu)) == NULL)
                return -ENOMEM;
+       kctl->id.device = pcm_device;
        if ((err = snd_ctl_add(card, kctl)))
                return err;
        if ((kctl = emu->ctl_attn = snd_ctl_new1(&snd_emu10k1_attn_control, emu)) == NULL)
                return -ENOMEM;
+       kctl->id.device = pcm_device;
        if ((err = snd_ctl_add(card, kctl)))
                return err;
 
        if ((kctl = emu->ctl_efx_send_routing = snd_ctl_new1(&snd_emu10k1_efx_send_routing_control, emu)) == NULL)
                return -ENOMEM;
+       kctl->id.device = multi_device;
        if ((err = snd_ctl_add(card, kctl)))
                return err;
        
        if ((kctl = emu->ctl_efx_send_volume = snd_ctl_new1(&snd_emu10k1_efx_send_volume_control, emu)) == NULL)
                return -ENOMEM;
+       kctl->id.device = multi_device;
        if ((err = snd_ctl_add(card, kctl)))
                return err;
        
        if ((kctl = emu->ctl_efx_attn = snd_ctl_new1(&snd_emu10k1_efx_attn_control, emu)) == NULL)
                return -ENOMEM;
+       kctl->id.device = multi_device;
        if ((err = snd_ctl_add(card, kctl)))
                return err;
 
 
 int __devinit snd_emu10k1_pcm_efx(emu10k1_t * emu, int device, snd_pcm_t ** rpcm)
 {
        snd_pcm_t *pcm;
+       snd_kcontrol_t *kctl;
        int err;
 
        if (rpcm)
                emu->efx_voices_mask[0] = 0xffff0000;
                emu->efx_voices_mask[1] = 0;
        }
-       snd_ctl_add(emu->card, snd_ctl_new1(&snd_emu10k1_pcm_efx_voices_mask, emu));
+       kctl = snd_ctl_new1(&snd_emu10k1_pcm_efx_voices_mask, emu);
+       if (!kctl)
+               return -ENOMEM;
+       kctl->id.device = device;
+       snd_ctl_add(emu->card, kctl);
 
        snd_pcm_lib_preallocate_pages_for_all(pcm, SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV, snd_dma_pci_data(emu->pci), 64*1024, 64*1024);
 
 
 static snd_kcontrol_new_t snd_es1371_mixer_spdif[] __devinitdata = {
        ES1371_SPDIF("IEC958 Playback Switch"),
        {
-               .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM,
+               .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
                .name =         SNDRV_CTL_NAME_IEC958("",PLAYBACK,DEFAULT),
                .info =         snd_ens1373_spdif_info,
                .get =          snd_ens1373_spdif_default_get,
        },
        {
                .access =       SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ,
-               .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM,
+               .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
                .name =         SNDRV_CTL_NAME_IEC958("",PLAYBACK,MASK),
                .info =         snd_ens1373_spdif_info,
                .get =          snd_ens1373_spdif_mask_get
        },
        {
-               .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM,
+               .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
                .name =         SNDRV_CTL_NAME_IEC958("",PLAYBACK,PCM_STREAM),
                .info =         snd_ens1373_spdif_info,
                .get =          snd_ens1373_spdif_stream_get,
 
  */
 
 static snd_kcontrol_new_t snd_ice1712_delta1010_wordclock_select __devinitdata =
-ICE1712_GPIO(SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, "Word Clock Sync", 0, ICE1712_DELTA_WORD_CLOCK_SELECT, 1, 0);
+ICE1712_GPIO(SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, "Word Clock Sync", 0, ICE1712_DELTA_WORD_CLOCK_SELECT, 1, 0);
 static snd_kcontrol_new_t snd_ice1712_delta1010lt_wordclock_select __devinitdata =
-ICE1712_GPIO(SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, "Word Clock Sync", 0, ICE1712_DELTA_1010LT_WORDCLOCK, 1, 0);
+ICE1712_GPIO(SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, "Word Clock Sync", 0, ICE1712_DELTA_1010LT_WORDCLOCK, 1, 0);
 static snd_kcontrol_new_t snd_ice1712_delta1010_wordclock_status __devinitdata =
-ICE1712_GPIO(SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, "Word Clock Status", 0, ICE1712_DELTA_WORD_CLOCK_STATUS, 1, SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE);
+ICE1712_GPIO(SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, "Word Clock Status", 0, ICE1712_DELTA_WORD_CLOCK_STATUS, 1, SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE);
 static snd_kcontrol_new_t snd_ice1712_deltadio2496_spdif_in_select __devinitdata =
-ICE1712_GPIO(SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, "IEC958 Input Optical", 0, ICE1712_DELTA_SPDIF_INPUT_SELECT, 0, 0);
+ICE1712_GPIO(SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, "IEC958 Input Optical", 0, ICE1712_DELTA_SPDIF_INPUT_SELECT, 0, 0);
 static snd_kcontrol_new_t snd_ice1712_delta_spdif_in_status __devinitdata =
-ICE1712_GPIO(SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, "Delta IEC958 Input Status", 0, ICE1712_DELTA_SPDIF_IN_STAT, 1, SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE);
+ICE1712_GPIO(SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, "Delta IEC958 Input Status", 0, ICE1712_DELTA_SPDIF_IN_STAT, 1, SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE);
 
 
 static int __devinit snd_ice1712_delta_add_controls(ice1712_t *ice)
 
 static snd_kcontrol_new_t snd_ice1712_spdif_maskc __devinitdata =
 {
        .access =       SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ,
-       .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
+       .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM,
        .name =         SNDRV_CTL_NAME_IEC958("",PLAYBACK,CON_MASK),
        .info =         snd_ice1712_spdif_info,
        .get =          snd_ice1712_spdif_maskc_get,
 static snd_kcontrol_new_t snd_ice1712_spdif_maskp __devinitdata =
 {
        .access =       SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ,
-       .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
+       .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM,
        .name =         SNDRV_CTL_NAME_IEC958("",PLAYBACK,PRO_MASK),
        .info =         snd_ice1712_spdif_info,
        .get =          snd_ice1712_spdif_maskp_get,
 
 static snd_kcontrol_new_t snd_vt1724_spdif_maskc __devinitdata =
 {
        .access =       SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ,
-       .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
+       .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM,
        .name =         SNDRV_CTL_NAME_IEC958("",PLAYBACK,CON_MASK),
        .info =         snd_vt1724_spdif_info,
        .get =          snd_vt1724_spdif_maskc_get,
 static snd_kcontrol_new_t snd_vt1724_spdif_maskp __devinitdata =
 {
        .access =       SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ,
-       .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
+       .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM,
        .name =         SNDRV_CTL_NAME_IEC958("",PLAYBACK,PRO_MASK),
        .info =         snd_vt1724_spdif_info,
        .get =          snd_vt1724_spdif_maskp_get,
 
         },                                                                                      \
         {                                                                                      \
                 .access =      SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_WRITE,       \
-                .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM,                                      \
+                .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,                                    \
                 .name =                c_name " Monitor Phase Invert",                                 \
                 .info =                snd_korg1212_control_phase_info,                                \
                 .get =         snd_korg1212_control_phase_get,                                 \
         MON_MIXER(4, "ADAT-5"), MON_MIXER(5, "ADAT-6"), MON_MIXER(6, "ADAT-7"), MON_MIXER(7, "ADAT-8"),
        {
                 .access =      SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_WRITE,
-                .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM,
+                .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
                 .name =                "Sync Source",
                 .info =                snd_korg1212_control_sync_info,
                 .get =         snd_korg1212_control_sync_get,
 
        },
        {
                .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ,
-               .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
+               .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM,
                .name = SNDRV_CTL_NAME_IEC958("", PLAYBACK, CON_MASK),
                .info = snd_rme32_control_spdif_mask_info,
                .get =  snd_rme32_control_spdif_mask_get,
        },
        {
                .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ,
-               .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
+               .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM,
                .name = SNDRV_CTL_NAME_IEC958("", PLAYBACK, PRO_MASK),
                .info = snd_rme32_control_spdif_mask_info,
                .get =  snd_rme32_control_spdif_mask_get,
 
 },
 {
        .access =       SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ,
-       .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
+       .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM,
        .name =         SNDRV_CTL_NAME_IEC958("",PLAYBACK,CON_MASK),
        .info =         snd_rme96_control_spdif_mask_info,
        .get =          snd_rme96_control_spdif_mask_get,
 },
 {
        .access =       SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ,
-       .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
+       .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM,
        .name =         SNDRV_CTL_NAME_IEC958("",PLAYBACK,PRO_MASK),
        .info =         snd_rme96_control_spdif_mask_info,
        .get =          snd_rme96_control_spdif_mask_get,
 
 }
 
 #define HDSP_SPDIF_IN(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM,  \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .info = snd_hdsp_info_spdif_in, \
 }
 
 #define HDSP_SPDIF_OUT(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, .name = xname, .index = xindex, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, .name = xname, .index = xindex, \
   .info = snd_hdsp_info_spdif_bits, \
   .get = snd_hdsp_get_spdif_out, .put = snd_hdsp_put_spdif_out }
 
 }
 
 #define HDSP_SPDIF_PROFESSIONAL(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, .name = xname, .index = xindex, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, .name = xname, .index = xindex, \
   .info = snd_hdsp_info_spdif_bits, \
   .get = snd_hdsp_get_spdif_professional, .put = snd_hdsp_put_spdif_professional }
 
 }
 
 #define HDSP_SPDIF_EMPHASIS(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, .name = xname, .index = xindex, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, .name = xname, .index = xindex, \
   .info = snd_hdsp_info_spdif_bits, \
   .get = snd_hdsp_get_spdif_emphasis, .put = snd_hdsp_put_spdif_emphasis }
 
 }
 
 #define HDSP_SPDIF_NON_AUDIO(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, .name = xname, .index = xindex, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, .name = xname, .index = xindex, \
   .info = snd_hdsp_info_spdif_bits, \
   .get = snd_hdsp_get_spdif_nonaudio, .put = snd_hdsp_put_spdif_nonaudio }
 
 }
 
 #define HDSP_SPDIF_SAMPLE_RATE(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ, \
 }
 
 #define HDSP_SYSTEM_SAMPLE_RATE(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ, \
 }
 
 #define HDSP_AUTOSYNC_SAMPLE_RATE(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ, \
 }
 
 #define HDSP_SYSTEM_CLOCK_MODE(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ, \
 }
 
 #define HDSP_CLOCK_SOURCE(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .info = snd_hdsp_info_clock_source, \
 }
 
 #define HDSP_DA_GAIN(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .info = snd_hdsp_info_da_gain, \
 }
 
 #define HDSP_AD_GAIN(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .info = snd_hdsp_info_ad_gain, \
 }
 
 #define HDSP_PHONE_GAIN(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .info = snd_hdsp_info_phone_gain, \
 }
 
 #define HDSP_XLR_BREAKOUT_CABLE(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .info = snd_hdsp_info_xlr_breakout_cable, \
    Switching this on desactivates external ADAT
 */
 #define HDSP_AEB(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .info = snd_hdsp_info_aeb, \
 }
 
 #define HDSP_PREF_SYNC_REF(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .info = snd_hdsp_info_pref_sync_ref, \
 }
 
 #define HDSP_AUTOSYNC_REF(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ, \
 }
 
 #define HDSP_LINE_OUT(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .info = snd_hdsp_info_line_out, \
 }
 
 #define HDSP_PRECISE_POINTER(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_CARD, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .info = snd_hdsp_info_precise_pointer, \
 }
 
 #define HDSP_USE_MIDI_TASKLET(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_CARD, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .info = snd_hdsp_info_use_midi_tasklet, \
 { .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
+  .device = 0, \
   .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READWRITE | \
                 SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE, \
   .info = snd_hdsp_info_mixer, \
 }
 
 #define HDSP_WC_SYNC_CHECK(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE, \
 }
 
 #define HDSP_SPDIF_SYNC_CHECK(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE, \
 }
 
 #define HDSP_ADATSYNC_SYNC_CHECK(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE, \
 }
 
 #define HDSP_ADAT_SYNC_CHECK \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE, \
   .info = snd_hdsp_info_sync_check, \
   .get = snd_hdsp_get_adat_sync_check \
 
 static snd_kcontrol_new_t snd_hdsp_controls[] = {
 {
-       .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM,
+       .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
        .name =         SNDRV_CTL_NAME_IEC958("",PLAYBACK,DEFAULT),
        .info =         snd_hdsp_control_spdif_info,
        .get =          snd_hdsp_control_spdif_get,
 },
 {
        .access =       SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READWRITE | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_INACTIVE,
-       .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM,
+       .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
        .name =         SNDRV_CTL_NAME_IEC958("",PLAYBACK,PCM_STREAM),
        .info =         snd_hdsp_control_spdif_stream_info,
        .get =          snd_hdsp_control_spdif_stream_get,
 /* 'Sample Clock Source' complies with the alsa control naming scheme */ 
 HDSP_CLOCK_SOURCE("Sample Clock Source", 0),
 {
-       /* FIXME: should be PCM or MIXER? */
-       /* .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, */
        .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
        .name = "Sample Clock Source Locking",
        .info = snd_hdsp_info_clock_source_lock,
 
 /* get the system sample rate which is set */
 
 #define HDSPM_SYSTEM_SAMPLE_RATE(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ, \
 }
 
 #define HDSPM_AUTOSYNC_SAMPLE_RATE(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ, \
 }
 
 #define HDSPM_SYSTEM_CLOCK_MODE(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ, \
 }
 
 #define HDSPM_CLOCK_SOURCE(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .info = snd_hdspm_info_clock_source, \
 }
 
 #define HDSPM_PREF_SYNC_REF(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .info = snd_hdspm_info_pref_sync_ref, \
 }
 
 #define HDSPM_AUTOSYNC_REF(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ, \
 }
 
 #define HDSPM_LINE_OUT(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .info = snd_hdspm_info_line_out, \
 }
 
 #define HDSPM_TX_64(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .info = snd_hdspm_info_tx_64, \
 }
 
 #define HDSPM_C_TMS(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .info = snd_hdspm_info_c_tms, \
 }
 
 #define HDSPM_SAFE_MODE(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .info = snd_hdspm_info_safe_mode, \
 }
 
 #define HDSPM_INPUT_SELECT(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .info = snd_hdspm_info_input_select, \
 { .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
+  .device = 0, \
   .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READWRITE | \
                 SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE, \
   .info = snd_hdspm_info_mixer, \
 }
 
 #define HDSPM_WC_SYNC_CHECK(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE, \
 
 
 #define HDSPM_MADI_SYNC_CHECK(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_HWDEP, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, \
   .name = xname, \
   .index = xindex, \
   .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE, \
 
 }
 
 #define RME9652_ADAT1_IN(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, .name = xname, .index = xindex, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, .name = xname, .index = xindex, \
   .info = snd_rme9652_info_adat1_in, \
   .get = snd_rme9652_get_adat1_in, \
   .put = snd_rme9652_put_adat1_in }
 }
 
 #define RME9652_SPDIF_IN(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, .name = xname, .index = xindex, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, .name = xname, .index = xindex, \
   .info = snd_rme9652_info_spdif_in, \
   .get = snd_rme9652_get_spdif_in, .put = snd_rme9652_put_spdif_in }
 
 }
 
 #define RME9652_SPDIF_OUT(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, .name = xname, .index = xindex, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, .name = xname, .index = xindex, \
   .info = snd_rme9652_info_spdif_out, \
   .get = snd_rme9652_get_spdif_out, .put = snd_rme9652_put_spdif_out }
 
 }
 
 #define RME9652_SYNC_MODE(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, .name = xname, .index = xindex, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, .name = xname, .index = xindex, \
   .info = snd_rme9652_info_sync_mode, \
   .get = snd_rme9652_get_sync_mode, .put = snd_rme9652_put_sync_mode }
 
 }
 
 #define RME9652_SYNC_PREF(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, .name = xname, .index = xindex, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, .name = xname, .index = xindex, \
   .info = snd_rme9652_info_sync_pref, \
   .get = snd_rme9652_get_sync_pref, .put = snd_rme9652_put_sync_pref }
 
 }
 
 #define RME9652_PASSTHRU(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, .name = xname, .index = xindex, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, .name = xname, .index = xindex, \
   .info = snd_rme9652_info_passthru, \
   .put = snd_rme9652_put_passthru, \
   .get = snd_rme9652_get_passthru }
 /* Read-only switches */
 
 #define RME9652_SPDIF_RATE(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, .name = xname, .index = xindex, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, .name = xname, .index = xindex, \
   .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE, \
   .info = snd_rme9652_info_spdif_rate, \
   .get = snd_rme9652_get_spdif_rate }
 }
 
 #define RME9652_ADAT_SYNC(xname, xindex, xidx) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, .name = xname, .index = xindex, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, .name = xname, .index = xindex, \
   .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE, \
   .info = snd_rme9652_info_adat_sync, \
   .get = snd_rme9652_get_adat_sync, .private_value = xidx }
 }
 
 #define RME9652_TC_VALID(xname, xindex) \
-{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM, .name = xname, .index = xindex, \
+{ .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER, .name = xname, .index = xindex, \
   .access = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READ | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_VOLATILE, \
   .info = snd_rme9652_info_tc_valid, \
   .get = snd_rme9652_get_tc_valid }
 
 static snd_kcontrol_new_t snd_rme9652_controls[] = {
 {
-       .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM,
+       .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
        .name =         SNDRV_CTL_NAME_IEC958("",PLAYBACK,DEFAULT),
        .info =         snd_rme9652_control_spdif_info,
        .get =          snd_rme9652_control_spdif_get,
 },
 {
        .access =       SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_READWRITE | SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_ACCESS_INACTIVE,
-       .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM,
+       .iface =        SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
        .name =         SNDRV_CTL_NAME_IEC958("",PLAYBACK,PCM_STREAM),
        .info =         snd_rme9652_control_spdif_stream_info,
        .get =          snd_rme9652_control_spdif_stream_get,
 RME9652_SYNC_MODE("Sync Mode", 0),
 RME9652_SYNC_PREF("Preferred Sync Source", 0),
 {
-       .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_PCM,
+       .iface = SNDRV_CTL_ELEM_IFACE_MIXER,
        .name = "Channels Thru",
        .index = 0,
        .info = snd_rme9652_info_thru,