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[PATCH] kprobes: fix race in aggregate kprobe registration
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1 /*
2  *  Kernel Probes (KProbes)
3  *  kernel/kprobes.c
4  *
5  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
6  * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
7  * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
8  * (at your option) any later version.
9  *
10  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
11  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
12  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
13  * GNU General Public License for more details.
14  *
15  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
16  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
17  * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
18  *
19  * Copyright (C) IBM Corporation, 2002, 2004
20  *
21  * 2002-Oct     Created by Vamsi Krishna S <vamsi_krishna@in.ibm.com> Kernel
22  *              Probes initial implementation (includes suggestions from
23  *              Rusty Russell).
24  * 2004-Aug     Updated by Prasanna S Panchamukhi <prasanna@in.ibm.com> with
25  *              hlists and exceptions notifier as suggested by Andi Kleen.
26  * 2004-July    Suparna Bhattacharya <suparna@in.ibm.com> added jumper probes
27  *              interface to access function arguments.
28  * 2004-Sep     Prasanna S Panchamukhi <prasanna@in.ibm.com> Changed Kprobes
29  *              exceptions notifier to be first on the priority list.
30  * 2005-May     Hien Nguyen <hien@us.ibm.com>, Jim Keniston
31  *              <jkenisto@us.ibm.com> and Prasanna S Panchamukhi
32  *              <prasanna@in.ibm.com> added function-return probes.
33  */
34 #include <linux/kprobes.h>
35 #include <linux/hash.h>
36 #include <linux/init.h>
37 #include <linux/slab.h>
38 #include <linux/module.h>
39 #include <linux/moduleloader.h>
40 #include <asm-generic/sections.h>
41 #include <asm/cacheflush.h>
42 #include <asm/errno.h>
43 #include <asm/kdebug.h>
44
45 #define KPROBE_HASH_BITS 6
46 #define KPROBE_TABLE_SIZE (1 << KPROBE_HASH_BITS)
47
48 static struct hlist_head kprobe_table[KPROBE_TABLE_SIZE];
49 static struct hlist_head kretprobe_inst_table[KPROBE_TABLE_SIZE];
50
51 static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(kprobe_lock);    /* Protects kprobe_table */
52 DEFINE_SPINLOCK(kretprobe_lock);        /* Protects kretprobe_inst_table */
53 static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct kprobe *, kprobe_instance) = NULL;
54
55 /*
56  * kprobe->ainsn.insn points to the copy of the instruction to be
57  * single-stepped. x86_64, POWER4 and above have no-exec support and
58  * stepping on the instruction on a vmalloced/kmalloced/data page
59  * is a recipe for disaster
60  */
61 #define INSNS_PER_PAGE  (PAGE_SIZE/(MAX_INSN_SIZE * sizeof(kprobe_opcode_t)))
62
63 struct kprobe_insn_page {
64         struct hlist_node hlist;
65         kprobe_opcode_t *insns;         /* Page of instruction slots */
66         char slot_used[INSNS_PER_PAGE];
67         int nused;
68 };
69
70 static struct hlist_head kprobe_insn_pages;
71
72 /**
73  * get_insn_slot() - Find a slot on an executable page for an instruction.
74  * We allocate an executable page if there's no room on existing ones.
75  */
76 kprobe_opcode_t __kprobes *get_insn_slot(void)
77 {
78         struct kprobe_insn_page *kip;
79         struct hlist_node *pos;
80
81         hlist_for_each(pos, &kprobe_insn_pages) {
82                 kip = hlist_entry(pos, struct kprobe_insn_page, hlist);
83                 if (kip->nused < INSNS_PER_PAGE) {
84                         int i;
85                         for (i = 0; i < INSNS_PER_PAGE; i++) {
86                                 if (!kip->slot_used[i]) {
87                                         kip->slot_used[i] = 1;
88                                         kip->nused++;
89                                         return kip->insns + (i * MAX_INSN_SIZE);
90                                 }
91                         }
92                         /* Surprise!  No unused slots.  Fix kip->nused. */
93                         kip->nused = INSNS_PER_PAGE;
94                 }
95         }
96
97         /* All out of space.  Need to allocate a new page. Use slot 0.*/
98         kip = kmalloc(sizeof(struct kprobe_insn_page), GFP_KERNEL);
99         if (!kip) {
100                 return NULL;
101         }
102
103         /*
104          * Use module_alloc so this page is within +/- 2GB of where the
105          * kernel image and loaded module images reside. This is required
106          * so x86_64 can correctly handle the %rip-relative fixups.
107          */
108         kip->insns = module_alloc(PAGE_SIZE);
109         if (!kip->insns) {
110                 kfree(kip);
111                 return NULL;
112         }
113         INIT_HLIST_NODE(&kip->hlist);
114         hlist_add_head(&kip->hlist, &kprobe_insn_pages);
115         memset(kip->slot_used, 0, INSNS_PER_PAGE);
116         kip->slot_used[0] = 1;
117         kip->nused = 1;
118         return kip->insns;
119 }
120
121 void __kprobes free_insn_slot(kprobe_opcode_t *slot)
122 {
123         struct kprobe_insn_page *kip;
124         struct hlist_node *pos;
125
126         hlist_for_each(pos, &kprobe_insn_pages) {
127                 kip = hlist_entry(pos, struct kprobe_insn_page, hlist);
128                 if (kip->insns <= slot &&
129                     slot < kip->insns + (INSNS_PER_PAGE * MAX_INSN_SIZE)) {
130                         int i = (slot - kip->insns) / MAX_INSN_SIZE;
131                         kip->slot_used[i] = 0;
132                         kip->nused--;
133                         if (kip->nused == 0) {
134                                 /*
135                                  * Page is no longer in use.  Free it unless
136                                  * it's the last one.  We keep the last one
137                                  * so as not to have to set it up again the
138                                  * next time somebody inserts a probe.
139                                  */
140                                 hlist_del(&kip->hlist);
141                                 if (hlist_empty(&kprobe_insn_pages)) {
142                                         INIT_HLIST_NODE(&kip->hlist);
143                                         hlist_add_head(&kip->hlist,
144                                                 &kprobe_insn_pages);
145                                 } else {
146                                         module_free(NULL, kip->insns);
147                                         kfree(kip);
148                                 }
149                         }
150                         return;
151                 }
152         }
153 }
154
155 /* We have preemption disabled.. so it is safe to use __ versions */
156 static inline void set_kprobe_instance(struct kprobe *kp)
157 {
158         __get_cpu_var(kprobe_instance) = kp;
159 }
160
161 static inline void reset_kprobe_instance(void)
162 {
163         __get_cpu_var(kprobe_instance) = NULL;
164 }
165
166 /*
167  * This routine is called either:
168  *      - under the kprobe_lock spinlock - during kprobe_[un]register()
169  *                              OR
170  *      - with preemption disabled - from arch/xxx/kernel/kprobes.c
171  */
172 struct kprobe __kprobes *get_kprobe(void *addr)
173 {
174         struct hlist_head *head;
175         struct hlist_node *node;
176         struct kprobe *p;
177
178         head = &kprobe_table[hash_ptr(addr, KPROBE_HASH_BITS)];
179         hlist_for_each_entry_rcu(p, node, head, hlist) {
180                 if (p->addr == addr)
181                         return p;
182         }
183         return NULL;
184 }
185
186 /*
187  * Aggregate handlers for multiple kprobes support - these handlers
188  * take care of invoking the individual kprobe handlers on p->list
189  */
190 static int __kprobes aggr_pre_handler(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs)
191 {
192         struct kprobe *kp;
193
194         list_for_each_entry_rcu(kp, &p->list, list) {
195                 if (kp->pre_handler) {
196                         set_kprobe_instance(kp);
197                         if (kp->pre_handler(kp, regs))
198                                 return 1;
199                 }
200                 reset_kprobe_instance();
201         }
202         return 0;
203 }
204
205 static void __kprobes aggr_post_handler(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs,
206                                         unsigned long flags)
207 {
208         struct kprobe *kp;
209
210         list_for_each_entry_rcu(kp, &p->list, list) {
211                 if (kp->post_handler) {
212                         set_kprobe_instance(kp);
213                         kp->post_handler(kp, regs, flags);
214                         reset_kprobe_instance();
215                 }
216         }
217         return;
218 }
219
220 static int __kprobes aggr_fault_handler(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs,
221                                         int trapnr)
222 {
223         struct kprobe *cur = __get_cpu_var(kprobe_instance);
224
225         /*
226          * if we faulted "during" the execution of a user specified
227          * probe handler, invoke just that probe's fault handler
228          */
229         if (cur && cur->fault_handler) {
230                 if (cur->fault_handler(cur, regs, trapnr))
231                         return 1;
232         }
233         return 0;
234 }
235
236 static int __kprobes aggr_break_handler(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs)
237 {
238         struct kprobe *cur = __get_cpu_var(kprobe_instance);
239         int ret = 0;
240
241         if (cur && cur->break_handler) {
242                 if (cur->break_handler(cur, regs))
243                         ret = 1;
244         }
245         reset_kprobe_instance();
246         return ret;
247 }
248
249 /* Called with kretprobe_lock held */
250 struct kretprobe_instance __kprobes *get_free_rp_inst(struct kretprobe *rp)
251 {
252         struct hlist_node *node;
253         struct kretprobe_instance *ri;
254         hlist_for_each_entry(ri, node, &rp->free_instances, uflist)
255                 return ri;
256         return NULL;
257 }
258
259 /* Called with kretprobe_lock held */
260 static struct kretprobe_instance __kprobes *get_used_rp_inst(struct kretprobe
261                                                               *rp)
262 {
263         struct hlist_node *node;
264         struct kretprobe_instance *ri;
265         hlist_for_each_entry(ri, node, &rp->used_instances, uflist)
266                 return ri;
267         return NULL;
268 }
269
270 /* Called with kretprobe_lock held */
271 void __kprobes add_rp_inst(struct kretprobe_instance *ri)
272 {
273         /*
274          * Remove rp inst off the free list -
275          * Add it back when probed function returns
276          */
277         hlist_del(&ri->uflist);
278
279         /* Add rp inst onto table */
280         INIT_HLIST_NODE(&ri->hlist);
281         hlist_add_head(&ri->hlist,
282                         &kretprobe_inst_table[hash_ptr(ri->task, KPROBE_HASH_BITS)]);
283
284         /* Also add this rp inst to the used list. */
285         INIT_HLIST_NODE(&ri->uflist);
286         hlist_add_head(&ri->uflist, &ri->rp->used_instances);
287 }
288
289 /* Called with kretprobe_lock held */
290 void __kprobes recycle_rp_inst(struct kretprobe_instance *ri)
291 {
292         /* remove rp inst off the rprobe_inst_table */
293         hlist_del(&ri->hlist);
294         if (ri->rp) {
295                 /* remove rp inst off the used list */
296                 hlist_del(&ri->uflist);
297                 /* put rp inst back onto the free list */
298                 INIT_HLIST_NODE(&ri->uflist);
299                 hlist_add_head(&ri->uflist, &ri->rp->free_instances);
300         } else
301                 /* Unregistering */
302                 kfree(ri);
303 }
304
305 struct hlist_head __kprobes *kretprobe_inst_table_head(struct task_struct *tsk)
306 {
307         return &kretprobe_inst_table[hash_ptr(tsk, KPROBE_HASH_BITS)];
308 }
309
310 /*
311  * This function is called from exit_thread or flush_thread when task tk's
312  * stack is being recycled so that we can recycle any function-return probe
313  * instances associated with this task. These left over instances represent
314  * probed functions that have been called but will never return.
315  */
316 void __kprobes kprobe_flush_task(struct task_struct *tk)
317 {
318         struct kretprobe_instance *ri;
319         struct hlist_head *head;
320         struct hlist_node *node, *tmp;
321         unsigned long flags = 0;
322
323         spin_lock_irqsave(&kretprobe_lock, flags);
324         head = kretprobe_inst_table_head(current);
325         hlist_for_each_entry_safe(ri, node, tmp, head, hlist) {
326                 if (ri->task == tk)
327                         recycle_rp_inst(ri);
328         }
329         spin_unlock_irqrestore(&kretprobe_lock, flags);
330 }
331
332 /*
333  * This kprobe pre_handler is registered with every kretprobe. When probe
334  * hits it will set up the return probe.
335  */
336 static int __kprobes pre_handler_kretprobe(struct kprobe *p,
337                                            struct pt_regs *regs)
338 {
339         struct kretprobe *rp = container_of(p, struct kretprobe, kp);
340         unsigned long flags = 0;
341
342         /*TODO: consider to only swap the RA after the last pre_handler fired */
343         spin_lock_irqsave(&kretprobe_lock, flags);
344         arch_prepare_kretprobe(rp, regs);
345         spin_unlock_irqrestore(&kretprobe_lock, flags);
346         return 0;
347 }
348
349 static inline void free_rp_inst(struct kretprobe *rp)
350 {
351         struct kretprobe_instance *ri;
352         while ((ri = get_free_rp_inst(rp)) != NULL) {
353                 hlist_del(&ri->uflist);
354                 kfree(ri);
355         }
356 }
357
358 /*
359  * Keep all fields in the kprobe consistent
360  */
361 static inline void copy_kprobe(struct kprobe *old_p, struct kprobe *p)
362 {
363         memcpy(&p->opcode, &old_p->opcode, sizeof(kprobe_opcode_t));
364         memcpy(&p->ainsn, &old_p->ainsn, sizeof(struct arch_specific_insn));
365 }
366
367 /*
368 * Add the new probe to old_p->list. Fail if this is the
369 * second jprobe at the address - two jprobes can't coexist
370 */
371 static int __kprobes add_new_kprobe(struct kprobe *old_p, struct kprobe *p)
372 {
373         struct kprobe *kp;
374
375         if (p->break_handler) {
376                 list_for_each_entry_rcu(kp, &old_p->list, list) {
377                         if (kp->break_handler)
378                                 return -EEXIST;
379                 }
380                 list_add_tail_rcu(&p->list, &old_p->list);
381         } else
382                 list_add_rcu(&p->list, &old_p->list);
383         return 0;
384 }
385
386 /*
387  * Fill in the required fields of the "manager kprobe". Replace the
388  * earlier kprobe in the hlist with the manager kprobe
389  */
390 static inline void add_aggr_kprobe(struct kprobe *ap, struct kprobe *p)
391 {
392         copy_kprobe(p, ap);
393         ap->addr = p->addr;
394         ap->pre_handler = aggr_pre_handler;
395         ap->post_handler = aggr_post_handler;
396         ap->fault_handler = aggr_fault_handler;
397         ap->break_handler = aggr_break_handler;
398
399         INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ap->list);
400         list_add_rcu(&p->list, &ap->list);
401
402         hlist_replace_rcu(&p->hlist, &ap->hlist);
403 }
404
405 /*
406  * This is the second or subsequent kprobe at the address - handle
407  * the intricacies
408  * TODO: Move kcalloc outside the spin_lock
409  */
410 static int __kprobes register_aggr_kprobe(struct kprobe *old_p,
411                                           struct kprobe *p)
412 {
413         int ret = 0;
414         struct kprobe *ap;
415
416         if (old_p->pre_handler == aggr_pre_handler) {
417                 copy_kprobe(old_p, p);
418                 ret = add_new_kprobe(old_p, p);
419         } else {
420                 ap = kcalloc(1, sizeof(struct kprobe), GFP_ATOMIC);
421                 if (!ap)
422                         return -ENOMEM;
423                 add_aggr_kprobe(ap, old_p);
424                 copy_kprobe(ap, p);
425                 ret = add_new_kprobe(ap, p);
426         }
427         return ret;
428 }
429
430 /* kprobe removal house-keeping routines */
431 static inline void cleanup_kprobe(struct kprobe *p, unsigned long flags)
432 {
433         arch_disarm_kprobe(p);
434         hlist_del_rcu(&p->hlist);
435         spin_unlock_irqrestore(&kprobe_lock, flags);
436         arch_remove_kprobe(p);
437 }
438
439 static inline void cleanup_aggr_kprobe(struct kprobe *old_p,
440                 struct kprobe *p, unsigned long flags)
441 {
442         list_del_rcu(&p->list);
443         if (list_empty(&old_p->list))
444                 cleanup_kprobe(old_p, flags);
445         else
446                 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&kprobe_lock, flags);
447 }
448
449 static int __kprobes in_kprobes_functions(unsigned long addr)
450 {
451         if (addr >= (unsigned long)__kprobes_text_start
452                 && addr < (unsigned long)__kprobes_text_end)
453                 return -EINVAL;
454         return 0;
455 }
456
457 int __kprobes register_kprobe(struct kprobe *p)
458 {
459         int ret = 0;
460         unsigned long flags = 0;
461         struct kprobe *old_p;
462         struct module *mod;
463
464         if ((!kernel_text_address((unsigned long) p->addr)) ||
465                 in_kprobes_functions((unsigned long) p->addr))
466                 return -EINVAL;
467
468         if ((mod = module_text_address((unsigned long) p->addr)) &&
469                         (unlikely(!try_module_get(mod))))
470                 return -EINVAL;
471
472         if ((ret = arch_prepare_kprobe(p)) != 0)
473                 goto rm_kprobe;
474
475         p->nmissed = 0;
476         spin_lock_irqsave(&kprobe_lock, flags);
477         old_p = get_kprobe(p->addr);
478         if (old_p) {
479                 ret = register_aggr_kprobe(old_p, p);
480                 goto out;
481         }
482
483         arch_copy_kprobe(p);
484         INIT_HLIST_NODE(&p->hlist);
485         hlist_add_head_rcu(&p->hlist,
486                        &kprobe_table[hash_ptr(p->addr, KPROBE_HASH_BITS)]);
487
488         arch_arm_kprobe(p);
489
490 out:
491         spin_unlock_irqrestore(&kprobe_lock, flags);
492 rm_kprobe:
493         if (ret == -EEXIST)
494                 arch_remove_kprobe(p);
495         if (ret && mod)
496                 module_put(mod);
497         return ret;
498 }
499
500 void __kprobes unregister_kprobe(struct kprobe *p)
501 {
502         unsigned long flags;
503         struct kprobe *old_p;
504         struct module *mod;
505
506         spin_lock_irqsave(&kprobe_lock, flags);
507         old_p = get_kprobe(p->addr);
508         if (old_p) {
509                 /* cleanup_*_kprobe() does the spin_unlock_irqrestore */
510                 if (old_p->pre_handler == aggr_pre_handler)
511                         cleanup_aggr_kprobe(old_p, p, flags);
512                 else
513                         cleanup_kprobe(p, flags);
514
515                 synchronize_sched();
516
517                 if ((mod = module_text_address((unsigned long)p->addr)))
518                         module_put(mod);
519
520                 if (old_p->pre_handler == aggr_pre_handler &&
521                                 list_empty(&old_p->list))
522                         kfree(old_p);
523         } else
524                 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&kprobe_lock, flags);
525 }
526
527 static struct notifier_block kprobe_exceptions_nb = {
528         .notifier_call = kprobe_exceptions_notify,
529         .priority = 0x7fffffff /* we need to notified first */
530 };
531
532 int __kprobes register_jprobe(struct jprobe *jp)
533 {
534         /* Todo: Verify probepoint is a function entry point */
535         jp->kp.pre_handler = setjmp_pre_handler;
536         jp->kp.break_handler = longjmp_break_handler;
537
538         return register_kprobe(&jp->kp);
539 }
540
541 void __kprobes unregister_jprobe(struct jprobe *jp)
542 {
543         unregister_kprobe(&jp->kp);
544 }
545
546 #ifdef ARCH_SUPPORTS_KRETPROBES
547
548 int __kprobes register_kretprobe(struct kretprobe *rp)
549 {
550         int ret = 0;
551         struct kretprobe_instance *inst;
552         int i;
553
554         rp->kp.pre_handler = pre_handler_kretprobe;
555
556         /* Pre-allocate memory for max kretprobe instances */
557         if (rp->maxactive <= 0) {
558 #ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT
559                 rp->maxactive = max(10, 2 * NR_CPUS);
560 #else
561                 rp->maxactive = NR_CPUS;
562 #endif
563         }
564         INIT_HLIST_HEAD(&rp->used_instances);
565         INIT_HLIST_HEAD(&rp->free_instances);
566         for (i = 0; i < rp->maxactive; i++) {
567                 inst = kmalloc(sizeof(struct kretprobe_instance), GFP_KERNEL);
568                 if (inst == NULL) {
569                         free_rp_inst(rp);
570                         return -ENOMEM;
571                 }
572                 INIT_HLIST_NODE(&inst->uflist);
573                 hlist_add_head(&inst->uflist, &rp->free_instances);
574         }
575
576         rp->nmissed = 0;
577         /* Establish function entry probe point */
578         if ((ret = register_kprobe(&rp->kp)) != 0)
579                 free_rp_inst(rp);
580         return ret;
581 }
582
583 #else /* ARCH_SUPPORTS_KRETPROBES */
584
585 int __kprobes register_kretprobe(struct kretprobe *rp)
586 {
587         return -ENOSYS;
588 }
589
590 #endif /* ARCH_SUPPORTS_KRETPROBES */
591
592 void __kprobes unregister_kretprobe(struct kretprobe *rp)
593 {
594         unsigned long flags;
595         struct kretprobe_instance *ri;
596
597         unregister_kprobe(&rp->kp);
598         /* No race here */
599         spin_lock_irqsave(&kretprobe_lock, flags);
600         free_rp_inst(rp);
601         while ((ri = get_used_rp_inst(rp)) != NULL) {
602                 ri->rp = NULL;
603                 hlist_del(&ri->uflist);
604         }
605         spin_unlock_irqrestore(&kretprobe_lock, flags);
606 }
607
608 static int __init init_kprobes(void)
609 {
610         int i, err = 0;
611
612         /* FIXME allocate the probe table, currently defined statically */
613         /* initialize all list heads */
614         for (i = 0; i < KPROBE_TABLE_SIZE; i++) {
615                 INIT_HLIST_HEAD(&kprobe_table[i]);
616                 INIT_HLIST_HEAD(&kretprobe_inst_table[i]);
617         }
618
619         err = arch_init_kprobes();
620         if (!err)
621                 err = register_die_notifier(&kprobe_exceptions_nb);
622
623         return err;
624 }
625
626 __initcall(init_kprobes);
627
628 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(register_kprobe);
629 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(unregister_kprobe);
630 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(register_jprobe);
631 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(unregister_jprobe);
632 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(jprobe_return);
633 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(register_kretprobe);
634 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(unregister_kretprobe);
635