1 /*P:100 This is the Launcher code, a simple program which lays out the
2 * "physical" memory for the new Guest by mapping the kernel image and the
3 * virtual devices, then reads repeatedly from /dev/lguest to run the Guest.
5 #define _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE
15 #include <sys/param.h>
16 #include <sys/types.h>
23 #include <sys/socket.h>
24 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
27 #include <netinet/in.h>
29 #include <linux/sockios.h>
30 #include <linux/if_tun.h>
35 /*L:110 We can ignore the 28 include files we need for this program, but I do
36 * want to draw attention to the use of kernel-style types.
38 * As Linus said, "C is a Spartan language, and so should your naming be." I
39 * like these abbreviations and the header we need uses them, so we define them
42 typedef unsigned long long u64;
46 #include "linux/lguest_launcher.h"
47 #include "asm-x86/e820.h"
50 #define PAGE_PRESENT 0x7 /* Present, RW, Execute */
52 #define BRIDGE_PFX "bridge:"
54 #define SIOCBRADDIF 0x89a2 /* add interface to bridge */
56 /* We can have up to 256 pages for devices. */
57 #define DEVICE_PAGES 256
59 /*L:120 verbose is both a global flag and a macro. The C preprocessor allows
60 * this, and although I wouldn't recommend it, it works quite nicely here. */
62 #define verbose(args...) \
63 do { if (verbose) printf(args); } while(0)
66 /* The pipe to send commands to the waker process */
68 /* The pointer to the start of guest memory. */
69 static void *guest_base;
70 /* The maximum guest physical address allowed, and maximum possible. */
71 static unsigned long guest_limit, guest_max;
73 /* This is our list of devices. */
76 /* Summary information about the devices in our list: ready to pass to
77 * select() to ask which need servicing.*/
81 /* The descriptor page for the devices. */
82 struct lguest_device_desc *descs;
84 /* A single linked list of devices. */
86 /* ... And an end pointer so we can easily append new devices */
87 struct device **lastdev;
90 /* The device structure describes a single device. */
93 /* The linked-list pointer. */
95 /* The descriptor for this device, as mapped into the Guest. */
96 struct lguest_device_desc *desc;
97 /* The memory page(s) of this device, if any. Also mapped in Guest. */
100 /* If handle_input is set, it wants to be called when this file
101 * descriptor is ready. */
103 bool (*handle_input)(int fd, struct device *me);
105 /* If handle_output is set, it wants to be called when the Guest sends
106 * DMA to this key. */
107 unsigned long watch_key;
108 u32 (*handle_output)(int fd, const struct iovec *iov,
109 unsigned int num, struct device *me);
111 /* Device-specific data. */
115 /*L:100 The Launcher code itself takes us out into userspace, that scary place
116 * where pointers run wild and free! Unfortunately, like most userspace
117 * programs, it's quite boring (which is why everyone likes to hack on the
118 * kernel!). Perhaps if you make up an Lguest Drinking Game at this point, it
119 * will get you through this section. Or, maybe not.
121 * The Launcher sets up a big chunk of memory to be the Guest's "physical"
122 * memory and stores it in "guest_base". In other words, Guest physical ==
123 * Launcher virtual with an offset.
125 * This can be tough to get your head around, but usually it just means that we
126 * use these trivial conversion functions when the Guest gives us it's
127 * "physical" addresses: */
128 static void *from_guest_phys(unsigned long addr)
130 return guest_base + addr;
133 static unsigned long to_guest_phys(const void *addr)
135 return (addr - guest_base);
139 * Loading the Kernel.
141 * We start with couple of simple helper routines. open_or_die() avoids
142 * error-checking code cluttering the callers: */
143 static int open_or_die(const char *name, int flags)
145 int fd = open(name, flags);
147 err(1, "Failed to open %s", name);
151 /* map_zeroed_pages() takes a number of pages. */
152 static void *map_zeroed_pages(unsigned int num)
154 int fd = open_or_die("/dev/zero", O_RDONLY);
157 /* We use a private mapping (ie. if we write to the page, it will be
159 addr = mmap(NULL, getpagesize() * num,
160 PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0);
161 if (addr == MAP_FAILED)
162 err(1, "Mmaping %u pages of /dev/zero", num);
167 /* Get some more pages for a device. */
168 static void *get_pages(unsigned int num)
170 void *addr = from_guest_phys(guest_limit);
172 guest_limit += num * getpagesize();
173 if (guest_limit > guest_max)
174 errx(1, "Not enough memory for devices");
178 /* To find out where to start we look for the magic Guest string, which marks
179 * the code we see in lguest_asm.S. This is a hack which we are currently
180 * plotting to replace with the normal Linux entry point. */
181 static unsigned long entry_point(const void *start, const void *end)
185 /* The scan gives us the physical starting address. We boot with
186 * pagetables set up with virtual and physical the same, so that's
188 for (p = start; p < end; p++)
189 if (memcmp(p, "GenuineLguest", strlen("GenuineLguest")) == 0)
190 return to_guest_phys(p + strlen("GenuineLguest"));
192 errx(1, "Is this image a genuine lguest?");
195 /* This routine is used to load the kernel or initrd. It tries mmap, but if
196 * that fails (Plan 9's kernel file isn't nicely aligned on page boundaries),
197 * it falls back to reading the memory in. */
198 static void map_at(int fd, void *addr, unsigned long offset, unsigned long len)
202 /* We map writable even though for some segments are marked read-only.
203 * The kernel really wants to be writable: it patches its own
206 * MAP_PRIVATE means that the page won't be copied until a write is
207 * done to it. This allows us to share untouched memory between
209 if (mmap(addr, len, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE|PROT_EXEC,
210 MAP_FIXED|MAP_PRIVATE, fd, offset) != MAP_FAILED)
213 /* pread does a seek and a read in one shot: saves a few lines. */
214 r = pread(fd, addr, len, offset);
216 err(1, "Reading offset %lu len %lu gave %zi", offset, len, r);
219 /* This routine takes an open vmlinux image, which is in ELF, and maps it into
220 * the Guest memory. ELF = Embedded Linking Format, which is the format used
221 * by all modern binaries on Linux including the kernel.
223 * The ELF headers give *two* addresses: a physical address, and a virtual
224 * address. We use the physical address; the Guest will map itself to the
227 * We return the starting address. */
228 static unsigned long map_elf(int elf_fd, const Elf32_Ehdr *ehdr)
230 void *start = (void *)-1, *end = NULL;
231 Elf32_Phdr phdr[ehdr->e_phnum];
234 /* Sanity checks on the main ELF header: an x86 executable with a
235 * reasonable number of correctly-sized program headers. */
236 if (ehdr->e_type != ET_EXEC
237 || ehdr->e_machine != EM_386
238 || ehdr->e_phentsize != sizeof(Elf32_Phdr)
239 || ehdr->e_phnum < 1 || ehdr->e_phnum > 65536U/sizeof(Elf32_Phdr))
240 errx(1, "Malformed elf header");
242 /* An ELF executable contains an ELF header and a number of "program"
243 * headers which indicate which parts ("segments") of the program to
246 /* We read in all the program headers at once: */
247 if (lseek(elf_fd, ehdr->e_phoff, SEEK_SET) < 0)
248 err(1, "Seeking to program headers");
249 if (read(elf_fd, phdr, sizeof(phdr)) != sizeof(phdr))
250 err(1, "Reading program headers");
252 /* Try all the headers: there are usually only three. A read-only one,
253 * a read-write one, and a "note" section which isn't loadable. */
254 for (i = 0; i < ehdr->e_phnum; i++) {
255 /* If this isn't a loadable segment, we ignore it */
256 if (phdr[i].p_type != PT_LOAD)
259 verbose("Section %i: size %i addr %p\n",
260 i, phdr[i].p_memsz, (void *)phdr[i].p_paddr);
262 /* We track the first and last address we mapped, so we can
263 * tell entry_point() where to scan. */
264 if (from_guest_phys(phdr[i].p_paddr) < start)
265 start = from_guest_phys(phdr[i].p_paddr);
266 if (from_guest_phys(phdr[i].p_paddr) + phdr[i].p_filesz > end)
267 end=from_guest_phys(phdr[i].p_paddr)+phdr[i].p_filesz;
269 /* We map this section of the file at its physical address. */
270 map_at(elf_fd, from_guest_phys(phdr[i].p_paddr),
271 phdr[i].p_offset, phdr[i].p_filesz);
274 return entry_point(start, end);
277 /*L:160 Unfortunately the entire ELF image isn't compressed: the segments
278 * which need loading are extracted and compressed raw. This denies us the
279 * information we need to make a fully-general loader. */
280 static unsigned long unpack_bzimage(int fd)
284 /* A bzImage always gets loaded at physical address 1M. This is
285 * actually configurable as CONFIG_PHYSICAL_START, but as the comment
286 * there says, "Don't change this unless you know what you are doing".
288 void *img = from_guest_phys(0x100000);
290 /* gzdopen takes our file descriptor (carefully placed at the start of
291 * the GZIP header we found) and returns a gzFile. */
292 f = gzdopen(fd, "rb");
293 /* We read it into memory in 64k chunks until we hit the end. */
294 while ((ret = gzread(f, img + len, 65536)) > 0)
297 err(1, "reading image from bzImage");
299 verbose("Unpacked size %i addr %p\n", len, img);
301 return entry_point(img, img + len);
304 /*L:150 A bzImage, unlike an ELF file, is not meant to be loaded. You're
305 * supposed to jump into it and it will unpack itself. We can't do that
306 * because the Guest can't run the unpacking code, and adding features to
307 * lguest kills puppies, so we don't want to.
309 * The bzImage is formed by putting the decompressing code in front of the
310 * compressed kernel code. So we can simple scan through it looking for the
311 * first "gzip" header, and start decompressing from there. */
312 static unsigned long load_bzimage(int fd)
317 /* GZIP header is 0x1F 0x8B <method> <flags>... <compressed-by>. */
318 while (read(fd, &c, 1) == 1) {
334 /* Seek back to the start of the gzip header. */
335 lseek(fd, -10, SEEK_CUR);
336 /* One final check: "compressed under UNIX". */
340 return unpack_bzimage(fd);
343 errx(1, "Could not find kernel in bzImage");
346 /*L:140 Loading the kernel is easy when it's a "vmlinux", but most kernels
347 * come wrapped up in the self-decompressing "bzImage" format. With some funky
348 * coding, we can load those, too. */
349 static unsigned long load_kernel(int fd)
353 /* Read in the first few bytes. */
354 if (read(fd, &hdr, sizeof(hdr)) != sizeof(hdr))
355 err(1, "Reading kernel");
357 /* If it's an ELF file, it starts with "\177ELF" */
358 if (memcmp(hdr.e_ident, ELFMAG, SELFMAG) == 0)
359 return map_elf(fd, &hdr);
361 /* Otherwise we assume it's a bzImage, and try to unpack it */
362 return load_bzimage(fd);
365 /* This is a trivial little helper to align pages. Andi Kleen hated it because
366 * it calls getpagesize() twice: "it's dumb code."
368 * Kernel guys get really het up about optimization, even when it's not
369 * necessary. I leave this code as a reaction against that. */
370 static inline unsigned long page_align(unsigned long addr)
372 /* Add upwards and truncate downwards. */
373 return ((addr + getpagesize()-1) & ~(getpagesize()-1));
376 /*L:180 An "initial ram disk" is a disk image loaded into memory along with
377 * the kernel which the kernel can use to boot from without needing any
378 * drivers. Most distributions now use this as standard: the initrd contains
379 * the code to load the appropriate driver modules for the current machine.
381 * Importantly, James Morris works for RedHat, and Fedora uses initrds for its
382 * kernels. He sent me this (and tells me when I break it). */
383 static unsigned long load_initrd(const char *name, unsigned long mem)
389 ifd = open_or_die(name, O_RDONLY);
390 /* fstat() is needed to get the file size. */
391 if (fstat(ifd, &st) < 0)
392 err(1, "fstat() on initrd '%s'", name);
394 /* We map the initrd at the top of memory, but mmap wants it to be
395 * page-aligned, so we round the size up for that. */
396 len = page_align(st.st_size);
397 map_at(ifd, from_guest_phys(mem - len), 0, st.st_size);
398 /* Once a file is mapped, you can close the file descriptor. It's a
399 * little odd, but quite useful. */
401 verbose("mapped initrd %s size=%lu @ %p\n", name, len, (void*)mem-len);
403 /* We return the initrd size. */
407 /* Once we know how much memory we have, we can construct simple linear page
408 * tables which set virtual == physical which will get the Guest far enough
409 * into the boot to create its own.
411 * We lay them out of the way, just below the initrd (which is why we need to
413 static unsigned long setup_pagetables(unsigned long mem,
414 unsigned long initrd_size)
416 unsigned long *pgdir, *linear;
417 unsigned int mapped_pages, i, linear_pages;
418 unsigned int ptes_per_page = getpagesize()/sizeof(void *);
420 mapped_pages = mem/getpagesize();
422 /* Each PTE page can map ptes_per_page pages: how many do we need? */
423 linear_pages = (mapped_pages + ptes_per_page-1)/ptes_per_page;
425 /* We put the toplevel page directory page at the top of memory. */
426 pgdir = from_guest_phys(mem) - initrd_size - getpagesize();
428 /* Now we use the next linear_pages pages as pte pages */
429 linear = (void *)pgdir - linear_pages*getpagesize();
431 /* Linear mapping is easy: put every page's address into the mapping in
432 * order. PAGE_PRESENT contains the flags Present, Writable and
434 for (i = 0; i < mapped_pages; i++)
435 linear[i] = ((i * getpagesize()) | PAGE_PRESENT);
437 /* The top level points to the linear page table pages above. */
438 for (i = 0; i < mapped_pages; i += ptes_per_page) {
439 pgdir[i/ptes_per_page]
440 = ((to_guest_phys(linear) + i*sizeof(void *))
444 verbose("Linear mapping of %u pages in %u pte pages at %#lx\n",
445 mapped_pages, linear_pages, to_guest_phys(linear));
447 /* We return the top level (guest-physical) address: the kernel needs
448 * to know where it is. */
449 return to_guest_phys(pgdir);
452 /* Simple routine to roll all the commandline arguments together with spaces
454 static void concat(char *dst, char *args[])
456 unsigned int i, len = 0;
458 for (i = 0; args[i]; i++) {
459 strcpy(dst+len, args[i]);
460 strcat(dst+len, " ");
461 len += strlen(args[i]) + 1;
463 /* In case it's empty. */
467 /* This is where we actually tell the kernel to initialize the Guest. We saw
468 * the arguments it expects when we looked at initialize() in lguest_user.c:
469 * the base of guest "physical" memory, the top physical page to allow, the
470 * top level pagetable and the entry point for the Guest. */
471 static int tell_kernel(unsigned long pgdir, unsigned long start)
473 unsigned long args[] = { LHREQ_INITIALIZE,
474 (unsigned long)guest_base,
475 guest_limit / getpagesize(), pgdir, start };
478 verbose("Guest: %p - %p (%#lx)\n",
479 guest_base, guest_base + guest_limit, guest_limit);
480 fd = open_or_die("/dev/lguest", O_RDWR);
481 if (write(fd, args, sizeof(args)) < 0)
482 err(1, "Writing to /dev/lguest");
484 /* We return the /dev/lguest file descriptor to control this Guest */
489 static void set_fd(int fd, struct device_list *devices)
491 FD_SET(fd, &devices->infds);
492 if (fd > devices->max_infd)
493 devices->max_infd = fd;
499 * With a console and network devices, we can have lots of input which we need
500 * to process. We could try to tell the kernel what file descriptors to watch,
501 * but handing a file descriptor mask through to the kernel is fairly icky.
503 * Instead, we fork off a process which watches the file descriptors and writes
504 * the LHREQ_BREAK command to the /dev/lguest filedescriptor to tell the Host
505 * loop to stop running the Guest. This causes it to return from the
506 * /dev/lguest read with -EAGAIN, where it will write to /dev/lguest to reset
507 * the LHREQ_BREAK and wake us up again.
509 * This, of course, is merely a different *kind* of icky.
511 static void wake_parent(int pipefd, int lguest_fd, struct device_list *devices)
513 /* Add the pipe from the Launcher to the fdset in the device_list, so
514 * we watch it, too. */
515 set_fd(pipefd, devices);
518 fd_set rfds = devices->infds;
519 unsigned long args[] = { LHREQ_BREAK, 1 };
521 /* Wait until input is ready from one of the devices. */
522 select(devices->max_infd+1, &rfds, NULL, NULL, NULL);
523 /* Is it a message from the Launcher? */
524 if (FD_ISSET(pipefd, &rfds)) {
526 /* If read() returns 0, it means the Launcher has
527 * exited. We silently follow. */
528 if (read(pipefd, &ignorefd, sizeof(ignorefd)) == 0)
530 /* Otherwise it's telling us there's a problem with one
531 * of the devices, and we should ignore that file
532 * descriptor from now on. */
533 FD_CLR(ignorefd, &devices->infds);
534 } else /* Send LHREQ_BREAK command. */
535 write(lguest_fd, args, sizeof(args));
539 /* This routine just sets up a pipe to the Waker process. */
540 static int setup_waker(int lguest_fd, struct device_list *device_list)
542 int pipefd[2], child;
544 /* We create a pipe to talk to the waker, and also so it knows when the
545 * Launcher dies (and closes pipe). */
552 /* Close the "writing" end of our copy of the pipe */
554 wake_parent(pipefd[0], lguest_fd, device_list);
556 /* Close the reading end of our copy of the pipe. */
559 /* Here is the fd used to talk to the waker. */
566 * When the Guest sends DMA to us, it sends us an array of addresses and sizes.
567 * We need to make sure it's not trying to reach into the Launcher itself, so
568 * we have a convenient routine which check it and exits with an error message
569 * if something funny is going on:
571 static void *_check_pointer(unsigned long addr, unsigned int size,
574 /* We have to separately check addr and addr+size, because size could
575 * be huge and addr + size might wrap around. */
576 if (addr >= guest_limit || addr + size >= guest_limit)
577 errx(1, "%s:%i: Invalid address %li", __FILE__, line, addr);
578 /* We return a pointer for the caller's convenience, now we know it's
580 return from_guest_phys(addr);
582 /* A macro which transparently hands the line number to the real function. */
583 #define check_pointer(addr,size) _check_pointer(addr, size, __LINE__)
585 /* The Guest has given us the address of a "struct lguest_dma". We check it's
586 * OK and convert it to an iovec (which is a simple array of ptr/size
588 static u32 *dma2iov(unsigned long dma, struct iovec iov[], unsigned *num)
591 struct lguest_dma *udma;
593 /* First we make sure that the array memory itself is valid. */
594 udma = check_pointer(dma, sizeof(*udma));
595 /* Now we check each element */
596 for (i = 0; i < LGUEST_MAX_DMA_SECTIONS; i++) {
597 /* A zero length ends the array. */
601 iov[i].iov_base = check_pointer(udma->addr[i], udma->len[i]);
602 iov[i].iov_len = udma->len[i];
606 /* We return the pointer to where the caller should write the amount of
607 * the buffer used. */
608 return &udma->used_len;
611 /* This routine gets a DMA buffer from the Guest for a given key, and converts
612 * it to an iovec array. It returns the interrupt the Guest wants when we're
613 * finished, and a pointer to the "used_len" field to fill in. */
614 static u32 *get_dma_buffer(int fd, void *key,
615 struct iovec iov[], unsigned int *num, u32 *irq)
617 unsigned long buf[] = { LHREQ_GETDMA, to_guest_phys(key) };
621 /* Ask the kernel for a DMA buffer corresponding to this key. */
622 udma = write(fd, buf, sizeof(buf));
623 /* They haven't registered any, or they're all used? */
624 if (udma == (unsigned long)-1)
627 /* Convert it into our iovec array */
628 res = dma2iov(udma, iov, num);
629 /* The kernel stashes irq in ->used_len to get it out to us. */
631 /* Return a pointer to ((struct lguest_dma *)udma)->used_len. */
635 /* This is a convenient routine to send the Guest an interrupt. */
636 static void trigger_irq(int fd, u32 irq)
638 unsigned long buf[] = { LHREQ_IRQ, irq };
639 if (write(fd, buf, sizeof(buf)) != 0)
640 err(1, "Triggering irq %i", irq);
643 /* This simply sets up an iovec array where we can put data to be discarded.
644 * This happens when the Guest doesn't want or can't handle the input: we have
645 * to get rid of it somewhere, and if we bury it in the ceiling space it will
646 * start to smell after a week. */
647 static void discard_iovec(struct iovec *iov, unsigned int *num)
649 static char discard_buf[1024];
651 iov->iov_base = discard_buf;
652 iov->iov_len = sizeof(discard_buf);
655 /* Here is the input terminal setting we save, and the routine to restore them
656 * on exit so the user can see what they type next. */
657 static struct termios orig_term;
658 static void restore_term(void)
660 tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &orig_term);
663 /* We associate some data with the console for our exit hack. */
666 /* How many times have they hit ^C? */
668 /* When did they start? */
669 struct timeval start;
672 /* This is the routine which handles console input (ie. stdin). */
673 static bool handle_console_input(int fd, struct device *dev)
678 struct iovec iov[LGUEST_MAX_DMA_SECTIONS];
679 struct console_abort *abort = dev->priv;
681 /* First we get the console buffer from the Guest. The key is dev->mem
682 * which was set to 0 in setup_console(). */
683 lenp = get_dma_buffer(fd, dev->mem, iov, &num, &irq);
685 /* If it's not ready for input, warn and set up to discard. */
686 warn("console: no dma buffer!");
687 discard_iovec(iov, &num);
690 /* This is why we convert to iovecs: the readv() call uses them, and so
691 * it reads straight into the Guest's buffer. */
692 len = readv(dev->fd, iov, num);
694 /* This implies that the console is closed, is /dev/null, or
695 * something went terribly wrong. We still go through the rest
696 * of the logic, though, especially the exit handling below. */
697 warnx("Failed to get console input, ignoring console.");
701 /* If we read the data into the Guest, fill in the length and send the
705 trigger_irq(fd, irq);
708 /* Three ^C within one second? Exit.
710 * This is such a hack, but works surprisingly well. Each ^C has to be
711 * in a buffer by itself, so they can't be too fast. But we check that
712 * we get three within about a second, so they can't be too slow. */
713 if (len == 1 && ((char *)iov[0].iov_base)[0] == 3) {
715 gettimeofday(&abort->start, NULL);
716 else if (abort->count == 3) {
718 gettimeofday(&now, NULL);
719 if (now.tv_sec <= abort->start.tv_sec+1) {
720 unsigned long args[] = { LHREQ_BREAK, 0 };
721 /* Close the fd so Waker will know it has to
724 /* Just in case waker is blocked in BREAK, send
726 write(fd, args, sizeof(args));
732 /* Any other key resets the abort counter. */
735 /* Now, if we didn't read anything, put the input terminal back and
736 * return failure (meaning, don't call us again). */
741 /* Everything went OK! */
745 /* Handling console output is much simpler than input. */
746 static u32 handle_console_output(int fd, const struct iovec *iov,
747 unsigned num, struct device*dev)
749 /* Whatever the Guest sends, write it to standard output. Return the
750 * number of bytes written. */
751 return writev(STDOUT_FILENO, iov, num);
754 /* Guest->Host network output is also pretty easy. */
755 static u32 handle_tun_output(int fd, const struct iovec *iov,
756 unsigned num, struct device *dev)
758 /* We put a flag in the "priv" pointer of the network device, and set
759 * it as soon as we see output. We'll see why in handle_tun_input() */
760 *(bool *)dev->priv = true;
761 /* Whatever packet the Guest sent us, write it out to the tun
763 return writev(dev->fd, iov, num);
766 /* This matches the peer_key() in lguest_net.c. The key for any given slot
767 * is the address of the network device's page plus 4 * the slot number. */
768 static unsigned long peer_offset(unsigned int peernum)
773 /* This is where we handle a packet coming in from the tun device */
774 static bool handle_tun_input(int fd, struct device *dev)
779 struct iovec iov[LGUEST_MAX_DMA_SECTIONS];
781 /* First we get a buffer the Guest has bound to its key. */
782 lenp = get_dma_buffer(fd, dev->mem+peer_offset(NET_PEERNUM), iov, &num,
785 /* Now, it's expected that if we try to send a packet too
786 * early, the Guest won't be ready yet. This is why we set a
787 * flag when the Guest sends its first packet. If it's sent a
788 * packet we assume it should be ready to receive them.
790 * Actually, this is what the status bits in the descriptor are
791 * for: we should *use* them. FIXME! */
792 if (*(bool *)dev->priv)
793 warn("network: no dma buffer!");
794 discard_iovec(iov, &num);
797 /* Read the packet from the device directly into the Guest's buffer. */
798 len = readv(dev->fd, iov, num);
800 err(1, "reading network");
802 /* Write the used_len, and trigger the interrupt for the Guest */
805 trigger_irq(fd, irq);
807 verbose("tun input packet len %i [%02x %02x] (%s)\n", len,
808 ((u8 *)iov[0].iov_base)[0], ((u8 *)iov[0].iov_base)[1],
809 lenp ? "sent" : "discarded");
814 /* The last device handling routine is block output: the Guest has sent a DMA
815 * to the block device. It will have placed the command it wants in the
816 * "struct lguest_block_page". */
817 static u32 handle_block_output(int fd, const struct iovec *iov,
818 unsigned num, struct device *dev)
820 struct lguest_block_page *p = dev->mem;
822 unsigned int len, reply_num;
823 struct iovec reply[LGUEST_MAX_DMA_SECTIONS];
824 off64_t device_len, off = (off64_t)p->sector * 512;
826 /* First we extract the device length from the dev->priv pointer. */
827 device_len = *(off64_t *)dev->priv;
829 /* We first check that the read or write is within the length of the
831 if (off >= device_len)
832 errx(1, "Bad offset %llu vs %llu", off, device_len);
833 /* Move to the right location in the block file. This shouldn't fail,
834 * but best to check. */
835 if (lseek64(dev->fd, off, SEEK_SET) != off)
836 err(1, "Bad seek to sector %i", p->sector);
838 verbose("Block: %s at offset %llu\n", p->type ? "WRITE" : "READ", off);
840 /* They were supposed to bind a reply buffer at key equal to the start
841 * of the block device memory. We need this to tell them when the
842 * request is finished. */
843 lenp = get_dma_buffer(fd, dev->mem, reply, &reply_num, &irq);
845 err(1, "Block request didn't give us a dma buffer");
848 /* A write request. The DMA they sent contained the data, so
850 len = writev(dev->fd, iov, num);
851 /* Grr... Now we know how long the "struct lguest_dma" they
852 * sent was, we make sure they didn't try to write over the end
853 * of the block file (possibly extending it). */
854 if (off + len > device_len) {
855 /* Trim it back to the correct length */
856 ftruncate64(dev->fd, device_len);
857 /* Die, bad Guest, die. */
858 errx(1, "Write past end %llu+%u", off, len);
860 /* The reply length is 0: we just send back an empty DMA to
861 * interrupt them and tell them the write is finished. */
864 /* A read request. They sent an empty DMA to start the
865 * request, and we put the read contents into the reply
867 len = readv(dev->fd, reply, reply_num);
871 /* The result is 1 (done), 2 if there was an error (short read or
873 p->result = 1 + (p->bytes != len);
874 /* Now tell them we've used their reply buffer. */
875 trigger_irq(fd, irq);
877 /* We're supposed to return the number of bytes of the output buffer we
878 * used. But the block device uses the "result" field instead, so we
883 /* This is the generic routine we call when the Guest sends some DMA out. */
884 static void handle_output(int fd, unsigned long dma, unsigned long key,
885 struct device_list *devices)
889 struct iovec iov[LGUEST_MAX_DMA_SECTIONS];
892 /* Convert the "struct lguest_dma" they're sending to a "struct
894 lenp = dma2iov(dma, iov, &num);
896 /* Check each device: if they expect output to this key, tell them to
898 for (i = devices->dev; i; i = i->next) {
899 if (i->handle_output && key == i->watch_key) {
900 /* We write the result straight into the used_len field
902 *lenp = i->handle_output(fd, iov, num, i);
907 /* This can happen: the kernel sends any SEND_DMA which doesn't match
908 * another Guest to us. It could be that another Guest just left a
909 * network, for example. But it's unusual. */
910 warnx("Pending dma %p, key %p", (void *)dma, (void *)key);
913 /* This is called when the waker wakes us up: check for incoming file
915 static void handle_input(int fd, struct device_list *devices)
917 /* select() wants a zeroed timeval to mean "don't wait". */
918 struct timeval poll = { .tv_sec = 0, .tv_usec = 0 };
922 fd_set fds = devices->infds;
924 /* If nothing is ready, we're done. */
925 if (select(devices->max_infd+1, &fds, NULL, NULL, &poll) == 0)
928 /* Otherwise, call the device(s) which have readable
929 * file descriptors and a method of handling them. */
930 for (i = devices->dev; i; i = i->next) {
931 if (i->handle_input && FD_ISSET(i->fd, &fds)) {
932 /* If handle_input() returns false, it means we
933 * should no longer service it.
934 * handle_console_input() does this. */
935 if (!i->handle_input(fd, i)) {
936 /* Clear it from the set of input file
937 * descriptors kept at the head of the
939 FD_CLR(i->fd, &devices->infds);
940 /* Tell waker to ignore it too... */
941 write(waker_fd, &i->fd, sizeof(i->fd));
951 * All devices need a descriptor so the Guest knows it exists, and a "struct
952 * device" so the Launcher can keep track of it. We have common helper
953 * routines to allocate them.
955 * This routine allocates a new "struct lguest_device_desc" from descriptor
956 * table in the devices array just above the Guest's normal memory. */
957 static struct lguest_device_desc *
958 new_dev_desc(struct lguest_device_desc *descs,
959 u16 type, u16 features, u16 num_pages)
963 for (i = 0; i < LGUEST_MAX_DEVICES; i++) {
964 if (!descs[i].type) {
965 descs[i].type = type;
966 descs[i].features = features;
967 descs[i].num_pages = num_pages;
968 /* If they said the device needs memory, we allocate
972 pa = to_guest_phys(get_pages(num_pages));
973 descs[i].pfn = pa / getpagesize();
978 errx(1, "too many devices");
981 /* This monster routine does all the creation and setup of a new device,
982 * including caling new_dev_desc() to allocate the descriptor and device
984 static struct device *new_device(struct device_list *devices,
985 u16 type, u16 num_pages, u16 features,
987 bool (*handle_input)(int, struct device *),
988 unsigned long watch_off,
989 u32 (*handle_output)(int,
990 const struct iovec *,
994 struct device *dev = malloc(sizeof(*dev));
996 /* Append to device list. Prepending to a single-linked list is
997 * easier, but the user expects the devices to be arranged on the bus
998 * in command-line order. The first network device on the command line
999 * is eth0, the first block device /dev/lgba, etc. */
1000 *devices->lastdev = dev;
1002 devices->lastdev = &dev->next;
1004 /* Now we populate the fields one at a time. */
1006 /* If we have an input handler for this file descriptor, then we add it
1007 * to the device_list's fdset and maxfd. */
1009 set_fd(dev->fd, devices);
1010 dev->desc = new_dev_desc(devices->descs, type, features, num_pages);
1011 dev->mem = from_guest_phys(dev->desc->pfn * getpagesize());
1012 dev->handle_input = handle_input;
1013 dev->watch_key = to_guest_phys(dev->mem) + watch_off;
1014 dev->handle_output = handle_output;
1018 /* Our first setup routine is the console. It's a fairly simple device, but
1019 * UNIX tty handling makes it uglier than it could be. */
1020 static void setup_console(struct device_list *devices)
1024 /* If we can save the initial standard input settings... */
1025 if (tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO, &orig_term) == 0) {
1026 struct termios term = orig_term;
1027 /* Then we turn off echo, line buffering and ^C etc. We want a
1028 * raw input stream to the Guest. */
1029 term.c_lflag &= ~(ISIG|ICANON|ECHO);
1030 tcsetattr(STDIN_FILENO, TCSANOW, &term);
1031 /* If we exit gracefully, the original settings will be
1032 * restored so the user can see what they're typing. */
1033 atexit(restore_term);
1036 /* We don't currently require any memory for the console, so we ask for
1038 dev = new_device(devices, LGUEST_DEVICE_T_CONSOLE, 0, 0,
1039 STDIN_FILENO, handle_console_input,
1040 LGUEST_CONSOLE_DMA_KEY, handle_console_output);
1041 /* We store the console state in dev->priv, and initialize it. */
1042 dev->priv = malloc(sizeof(struct console_abort));
1043 ((struct console_abort *)dev->priv)->count = 0;
1044 verbose("device %p: console\n",
1045 (void *)(dev->desc->pfn * getpagesize()));
1048 /* Setting up a block file is also fairly straightforward. */
1049 static void setup_block_file(const char *filename, struct device_list *devices)
1053 off64_t *device_len;
1054 struct lguest_block_page *p;
1056 /* We open with O_LARGEFILE because otherwise we get stuck at 2G. We
1057 * open with O_DIRECT because otherwise our benchmarks go much too
1059 fd = open_or_die(filename, O_RDWR|O_LARGEFILE|O_DIRECT);
1061 /* We want one page, and have no input handler (the block file never
1062 * has anything interesting to say to us). Our timing will be quite
1063 * random, so it should be a reasonable randomness source. */
1064 dev = new_device(devices, LGUEST_DEVICE_T_BLOCK, 1,
1065 LGUEST_DEVICE_F_RANDOMNESS,
1066 fd, NULL, 0, handle_block_output);
1068 /* We store the device size in the private area */
1069 device_len = dev->priv = malloc(sizeof(*device_len));
1070 /* This is the safe way of establishing the size of our device: it
1071 * might be a normal file or an actual block device like /dev/hdb. */
1072 *device_len = lseek64(fd, 0, SEEK_END);
1074 /* The device memory is a "struct lguest_block_page". It's zeroed
1075 * already, we just need to put in the device size. Block devices
1076 * think in sectors (ie. 512 byte chunks), so we translate here. */
1078 p->num_sectors = *device_len/512;
1079 verbose("device %p: block %i sectors\n",
1080 (void *)(dev->desc->pfn * getpagesize()), p->num_sectors);
1086 * Setting up network devices is quite a pain, because we have three types.
1087 * First, we have the inter-Guest network. This is a file which is mapped into
1088 * the address space of the Guests who are on the network. Because it is a
1089 * shared mapping, the same page underlies all the devices, and they can send
1090 * DMA to each other.
1092 * Remember from our network driver, the Guest is told what slot in the page it
1093 * is to use. We use exclusive fnctl locks to reserve a slot. If another
1094 * Guest is using a slot, the lock will fail and we try another. Because fnctl
1095 * locks are cleaned up automatically when we die, this cleverly means that our
1096 * reservation on the slot will vanish if we crash. */
1097 static unsigned int find_slot(int netfd, const char *filename)
1101 fl.l_type = F_WRLCK;
1102 fl.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
1104 /* Try a 1 byte lock in each possible position number */
1105 for (fl.l_start = 0;
1106 fl.l_start < getpagesize()/sizeof(struct lguest_net);
1108 /* If we succeed, return the slot number. */
1109 if (fcntl(netfd, F_SETLK, &fl) == 0)
1112 errx(1, "No free slots in network file %s", filename);
1115 /* This function sets up the network file */
1116 static void setup_net_file(const char *filename,
1117 struct device_list *devices)
1122 /* We don't use open_or_die() here: for friendliness we create the file
1123 * if it doesn't already exist. */
1124 netfd = open(filename, O_RDWR, 0);
1126 if (errno == ENOENT) {
1127 netfd = open(filename, O_RDWR|O_CREAT, 0600);
1129 /* If we succeeded, initialize the file with a
1131 char page[getpagesize()];
1132 memset(page, 0, sizeof(page));
1133 write(netfd, page, sizeof(page));
1137 err(1, "cannot open net file '%s'", filename);
1140 /* We need 1 page, and the features indicate the slot to use and that
1141 * no checksum is needed. We never touch this device again; it's
1142 * between the Guests on the network, so we don't register input or
1143 * output handlers. */
1144 dev = new_device(devices, LGUEST_DEVICE_T_NET, 1,
1145 find_slot(netfd, filename)|LGUEST_NET_F_NOCSUM,
1148 /* Map the shared file. */
1149 if (mmap(dev->mem, getpagesize(), PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE,
1150 MAP_FIXED|MAP_SHARED, netfd, 0) != dev->mem)
1151 err(1, "could not mmap '%s'", filename);
1152 verbose("device %p: shared net %s, peer %i\n",
1153 (void *)(dev->desc->pfn * getpagesize()), filename,
1154 dev->desc->features & ~LGUEST_NET_F_NOCSUM);
1158 static u32 str2ip(const char *ipaddr)
1160 unsigned int byte[4];
1162 sscanf(ipaddr, "%u.%u.%u.%u", &byte[0], &byte[1], &byte[2], &byte[3]);
1163 return (byte[0] << 24) | (byte[1] << 16) | (byte[2] << 8) | byte[3];
1166 /* This code is "adapted" from libbridge: it attaches the Host end of the
1167 * network device to the bridge device specified by the command line.
1169 * This is yet another James Morris contribution (I'm an IP-level guy, so I
1170 * dislike bridging), and I just try not to break it. */
1171 static void add_to_bridge(int fd, const char *if_name, const char *br_name)
1177 errx(1, "must specify bridge name");
1179 ifidx = if_nametoindex(if_name);
1181 errx(1, "interface %s does not exist!", if_name);
1183 strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, br_name, IFNAMSIZ);
1184 ifr.ifr_ifindex = ifidx;
1185 if (ioctl(fd, SIOCBRADDIF, &ifr) < 0)
1186 err(1, "can't add %s to bridge %s", if_name, br_name);
1189 /* This sets up the Host end of the network device with an IP address, brings
1190 * it up so packets will flow, the copies the MAC address into the hwaddr
1191 * pointer (in practice, the Host's slot in the network device's memory). */
1192 static void configure_device(int fd, const char *devname, u32 ipaddr,
1193 unsigned char hwaddr[6])
1196 struct sockaddr_in *sin = (struct sockaddr_in *)&ifr.ifr_addr;
1198 /* Don't read these incantations. Just cut & paste them like I did! */
1199 memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
1200 strcpy(ifr.ifr_name, devname);
1201 sin->sin_family = AF_INET;
1202 sin->sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(ipaddr);
1203 if (ioctl(fd, SIOCSIFADDR, &ifr) != 0)
1204 err(1, "Setting %s interface address", devname);
1205 ifr.ifr_flags = IFF_UP;
1206 if (ioctl(fd, SIOCSIFFLAGS, &ifr) != 0)
1207 err(1, "Bringing interface %s up", devname);
1209 /* SIOC stands for Socket I/O Control. G means Get (vs S for Set
1210 * above). IF means Interface, and HWADDR is hardware address.
1212 if (ioctl(fd, SIOCGIFHWADDR, &ifr) != 0)
1213 err(1, "getting hw address for %s", devname);
1214 memcpy(hwaddr, ifr.ifr_hwaddr.sa_data, 6);
1217 /*L:195 The other kind of network is a Host<->Guest network. This can either
1218 * use briding or routing, but the principle is the same: it uses the "tun"
1219 * device to inject packets into the Host as if they came in from a normal
1220 * network card. We just shunt packets between the Guest and the tun
1222 static void setup_tun_net(const char *arg, struct device_list *devices)
1228 const char *br_name = NULL;
1230 /* We open the /dev/net/tun device and tell it we want a tap device. A
1231 * tap device is like a tun device, only somehow different. To tell
1232 * the truth, I completely blundered my way through this code, but it
1234 netfd = open_or_die("/dev/net/tun", O_RDWR);
1235 memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
1236 ifr.ifr_flags = IFF_TAP | IFF_NO_PI;
1237 strcpy(ifr.ifr_name, "tap%d");
1238 if (ioctl(netfd, TUNSETIFF, &ifr) != 0)
1239 err(1, "configuring /dev/net/tun");
1240 /* We don't need checksums calculated for packets coming in this
1241 * device: trust us! */
1242 ioctl(netfd, TUNSETNOCSUM, 1);
1244 /* We create the net device with 1 page, using the features field of
1245 * the descriptor to tell the Guest it is in slot 1 (NET_PEERNUM), and
1246 * that the device has fairly random timing. We do *not* specify
1247 * LGUEST_NET_F_NOCSUM: these packets can reach the real world.
1249 * We will put our MAC address is slot 0 for the Guest to see, so
1250 * it will send packets to us using the key "peer_offset(0)": */
1251 dev = new_device(devices, LGUEST_DEVICE_T_NET, 1,
1252 NET_PEERNUM|LGUEST_DEVICE_F_RANDOMNESS, netfd,
1253 handle_tun_input, peer_offset(0), handle_tun_output);
1255 /* We keep a flag which says whether we've seen packets come out from
1256 * this network device. */
1257 dev->priv = malloc(sizeof(bool));
1258 *(bool *)dev->priv = false;
1260 /* We need a socket to perform the magic network ioctls to bring up the
1261 * tap interface, connect to the bridge etc. Any socket will do! */
1262 ipfd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_IP);
1264 err(1, "opening IP socket");
1266 /* If the command line was --tunnet=bridge:<name> do bridging. */
1267 if (!strncmp(BRIDGE_PFX, arg, strlen(BRIDGE_PFX))) {
1269 br_name = arg + strlen(BRIDGE_PFX);
1270 add_to_bridge(ipfd, ifr.ifr_name, br_name);
1271 } else /* It is an IP address to set up the device with */
1274 /* We are peer 0, ie. first slot, so we hand dev->mem to this routine
1275 * to write the MAC address at the start of the device memory. */
1276 configure_device(ipfd, ifr.ifr_name, ip, dev->mem);
1278 /* Set "promisc" bit: we want every single packet if we're going to
1279 * bridge to other machines (and otherwise it doesn't matter). */
1280 *((u8 *)dev->mem) |= 0x1;
1284 verbose("device %p: tun net %u.%u.%u.%u\n",
1285 (void *)(dev->desc->pfn * getpagesize()),
1286 (u8)(ip>>24), (u8)(ip>>16), (u8)(ip>>8), (u8)ip);
1288 verbose("attached to bridge: %s\n", br_name);
1290 /* That's the end of device setup. */
1292 /*L:220 Finally we reach the core of the Launcher, which runs the Guest, serves
1293 * its input and output, and finally, lays it to rest. */
1294 static void __attribute__((noreturn))
1295 run_guest(int lguest_fd, struct device_list *device_list)
1298 unsigned long args[] = { LHREQ_BREAK, 0 };
1299 unsigned long arr[2];
1302 /* We read from the /dev/lguest device to run the Guest. */
1303 readval = read(lguest_fd, arr, sizeof(arr));
1305 /* The read can only really return sizeof(arr) (the Guest did a
1306 * SEND_DMA to us), or an error. */
1308 /* For a successful read, arr[0] is the address of the "struct
1309 * lguest_dma", and arr[1] is the key the Guest sent to. */
1310 if (readval == sizeof(arr)) {
1311 handle_output(lguest_fd, arr[0], arr[1], device_list);
1313 /* ENOENT means the Guest died. Reading tells us why. */
1314 } else if (errno == ENOENT) {
1315 char reason[1024] = { 0 };
1316 read(lguest_fd, reason, sizeof(reason)-1);
1317 errx(1, "%s", reason);
1318 /* EAGAIN means the waker wanted us to look at some input.
1319 * Anything else means a bug or incompatible change. */
1320 } else if (errno != EAGAIN)
1321 err(1, "Running guest failed");
1323 /* Service input, then unset the BREAK which releases
1325 handle_input(lguest_fd, device_list);
1326 if (write(lguest_fd, args, sizeof(args)) < 0)
1327 err(1, "Resetting break");
1331 * This is the end of the Launcher.
1333 * But wait! We've seen I/O from the Launcher, and we've seen I/O from the
1334 * Drivers. If we were to see the Host kernel I/O code, our understanding
1335 * would be complete... :*/
1337 static struct option opts[] = {
1338 { "verbose", 0, NULL, 'v' },
1339 { "sharenet", 1, NULL, 's' },
1340 { "tunnet", 1, NULL, 't' },
1341 { "block", 1, NULL, 'b' },
1342 { "initrd", 1, NULL, 'i' },
1345 static void usage(void)
1347 errx(1, "Usage: lguest [--verbose] "
1348 "[--sharenet=<filename>|--tunnet=(<ipaddr>|bridge:<bridgename>)\n"
1349 "|--block=<filename>|--initrd=<filename>]...\n"
1350 "<mem-in-mb> vmlinux [args...]");
1353 /*L:105 The main routine is where the real work begins: */
1354 int main(int argc, char *argv[])
1356 /* Memory, top-level pagetable, code startpoint and size of the
1357 * (optional) initrd. */
1358 unsigned long mem = 0, pgdir, start, initrd_size = 0;
1359 /* A temporary and the /dev/lguest file descriptor. */
1360 int i, c, lguest_fd;
1361 /* The list of Guest devices, based on command line arguments. */
1362 struct device_list device_list;
1363 /* The boot information for the Guest. */
1365 /* If they specify an initrd file to load. */
1366 const char *initrd_name = NULL;
1368 /* First we initialize the device list. Since console and network
1369 * device receive input from a file descriptor, we keep an fdset
1370 * (infds) and the maximum fd number (max_infd) with the head of the
1371 * list. We also keep a pointer to the last device, for easy appending
1373 device_list.max_infd = -1;
1374 device_list.dev = NULL;
1375 device_list.lastdev = &device_list.dev;
1376 FD_ZERO(&device_list.infds);
1378 /* We need to know how much memory so we can set up the device
1379 * descriptor and memory pages for the devices as we parse the command
1380 * line. So we quickly look through the arguments to find the amount
1382 for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
1383 if (argv[i][0] != '-') {
1384 mem = atoi(argv[i]) * 1024 * 1024;
1385 /* We start by mapping anonymous pages over all of
1386 * guest-physical memory range. This fills it with 0,
1387 * and ensures that the Guest won't be killed when it
1388 * tries to access it. */
1389 guest_base = map_zeroed_pages(mem / getpagesize()
1392 guest_max = mem + DEVICE_PAGES*getpagesize();
1393 device_list.descs = get_pages(1);
1398 /* The options are fairly straight-forward */
1399 while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "v", opts, NULL)) != EOF) {
1405 setup_net_file(optarg, &device_list);
1408 setup_tun_net(optarg, &device_list);
1411 setup_block_file(optarg, &device_list);
1414 initrd_name = optarg;
1417 warnx("Unknown argument %s", argv[optind]);
1421 /* After the other arguments we expect memory and kernel image name,
1422 * followed by command line arguments for the kernel. */
1423 if (optind + 2 > argc)
1426 verbose("Guest base is at %p\n", guest_base);
1428 /* We always have a console device */
1429 setup_console(&device_list);
1431 /* Now we load the kernel */
1432 start = load_kernel(open_or_die(argv[optind+1], O_RDONLY));
1434 /* Boot information is stashed at physical address 0 */
1435 boot = from_guest_phys(0);
1437 /* Map the initrd image if requested (at top of physical memory) */
1439 initrd_size = load_initrd(initrd_name, mem);
1440 /* These are the location in the Linux boot header where the
1441 * start and size of the initrd are expected to be found. */
1442 *(unsigned long *)(boot+0x218) = mem - initrd_size;
1443 *(unsigned long *)(boot+0x21c) = initrd_size;
1444 /* The bootloader type 0xFF means "unknown"; that's OK. */
1445 *(unsigned char *)(boot+0x210) = 0xFF;
1448 /* Set up the initial linear pagetables, starting below the initrd. */
1449 pgdir = setup_pagetables(mem, initrd_size);
1451 /* The Linux boot header contains an "E820" memory map: ours is a
1452 * simple, single region. */
1453 *(char*)(boot+E820NR) = 1;
1454 *((struct e820entry *)(boot+E820MAP))
1455 = ((struct e820entry) { 0, mem, E820_RAM });
1456 /* The boot header contains a command line pointer: we put the command
1457 * line after the boot header (at address 4096) */
1458 *(u32 *)(boot + 0x228) = 4096;
1459 concat(boot + 4096, argv+optind+2);
1461 /* The guest type value of "1" tells the Guest it's under lguest. */
1462 *(int *)(boot + 0x23c) = 1;
1464 /* We tell the kernel to initialize the Guest: this returns the open
1465 * /dev/lguest file descriptor. */
1466 lguest_fd = tell_kernel(pgdir, start);
1468 /* We fork off a child process, which wakes the Launcher whenever one
1469 * of the input file descriptors needs attention. Otherwise we would
1470 * run the Guest until it tries to output something. */
1471 waker_fd = setup_waker(lguest_fd, &device_list);
1473 /* Finally, run the Guest. This doesn't return. */
1474 run_guest(lguest_fd, &device_list);
1479 * Mastery is done: you now know everything I do.
1481 * But surely you have seen code, features and bugs in your wanderings which
1482 * you now yearn to attack? That is the real game, and I look forward to you
1483 * patching and forking lguest into the Your-Name-Here-visor.
1485 * Farewell, and good coding!